Meters

Dynamic set and map and stateful expressions

If you specify the dynamic flag to your set/map declaration, you can add elements to your set/map from the packet path. You can also attach a ratelimit per byte/packet/connection, counter and quota to such elements.

Among other things, the combination of dynamic set/map and stateful expressions provide a lot more flexible replacement for the hashlimit and connlimit matches in iptables.

Using meters

The following example shows to how ratelimit inbound TCP connections to port 22 per source IP address:

table ip filter {
      set my_ssh_ratelimit {
             type ipv4_addr
             timeout 60s
             flags dynamic
      }

      chain input {
             type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;

             ct state new tcp dport 22 update @my_ssh_ratelimit { ip saddr limit rate 3/minute } accept
      }
}

For each packet matching this rule, it adds an element to the set whose key is 'ip saddr' and it attaches a ratelimiter to such element. If the element already exists, the ratelimiter is applied and the timeout is refreshed to 60 seconds. After 60 seconds of no use, the element expires and the ratelimiter is released.

You can also use concatenations to ratelimit the inbound connections per IP source address and TCP destination port:

table ip filter {
      set my_ssh_ratelimit {
             type ipv4_addr . inet_service
             timeout 60s
             flags dynamic
      }

      chain input {
             type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;

             ct state new update @my_ssh_ratelimit { ip saddr . tcp dport limit rate 3/minute } accept
      }
}

Doing connlimit with nft

Since 4.18, ct count allows you to count the number of existing connections based on connection tracking table, you can use it to limit the maximum number of established connections.

 table ip filter {
        set my_connlimit {
                type ipv4_addr
                size 65535
                flags dynamic
        }
 
        chain output {
                type filter hook output priority filter; policy accept;
                ct state new add @my_connlimit { ip saddr ct count over 20 } counter drop
        }
 }

For each packet matching this rule, it adds an element to the set whose key is 'ip saddr' and it allows a maximum number of 20 established connections to such IP source address.

NOTE: This policy does not specifies a timeout to sets intentionally. The connection tracking table timers apply in this case. For the same reason, you cannot use the update set statement which allows to refresh the timeout of your set element. Therefore, the ct count statement can only be used with the add set statement. If you define a timeout to your set and use it with ct count, you will hit an "Operation is not supported" error.

Doing iptables hashlimit with nft

Meters replace iptables hashlimit in nft. From iptables v1.6.2 onward, you can use the tool iptables-translate to see how to translate hashlimit rules.

Almost all hashlimit options are available in nft, starting with --hashlimit-mode, it is replaced by the selector in a meter. All modes are available except no mode, a meter demands a selector, an iptables rule without hashlimit-mode isn't supported in nft. A simple rule translation is:

$ iptables-translate -A INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -m hashlimit --hashlimit-above 200/sec --hashlimit-mode srcip,dstport --hashlimit-name http1 -j DROP
nft add rule ip filter INPUT tcp dport 80 meter http1 { tcp dport . ip saddr limit rate over 200/second } counter drop

Notice that a meter is named, like hashlimit, and using multiple hashlimit-modes is similar to using a concatenation of selectors. Also, --hashlimit-above is translated to limit rate over, to simulate --hashlimit-upto just omit or replace over with until in the rule.

The options --hashlimit-burst and --hashlimit-htable-expire are translated to burst and timeout in a meter:

$ iptables-translate -A INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -m hashlimit --hashlimit-above 200kb/s --hashlimit-burst 1mb --hashlimit-mode srcip,dstport --hashlimit-name http2 --hashlimit-htable-expire 3000 -j DROP
nft add rule ip filter INPUT tcp dport 80 meter http2 { tcp dport . ip saddr timeout 3s limit rate over 200 kbytes/second burst 1 mbytes} counter drop

This rule shows how timeout and burst are used in a meter, also notice that meters, similarly to hashlimit, accepts limiting rates by bytes frequency instead of packets.

Another hashlimit option is to limit the traffic rate on subnets, of IP source or destination addresses, using the options --hashlimit-srcmask and --hashlimit-dstmask. This feature is available in nft by attaching a subnet mask to a meter selector, attach to ip saddr for source address and to ip daddr for destination adress:

$ iptables-translate -A INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -m hashlimit --hashlimit-upto 200 --hashlimit-mode srcip --hashlimit-name http3 --hashlimit-srcmask 24 -j DROP
nft add rule ip filter INPUT tcp dport 80 meter http3 { ip saddr and 255.255.255.0 limit rate 200/second } counter drop

This rule will limit packets rate, grouping subnets determined by the first 24 bits of the IP source address, from the incoming packets on port 80.

The remaining options, --hashlimit-htable-max, --hashlimit-htable-size and --hashlimit-htable-gcinterval don't apply to meters.